Class 9 — Formal proofs, fallacies, and probability.

Construct and evaluate formal proofs using premises, rules of inference, and logical connectives.

Identify common reasoning errors, including circular reasoning, false cause, and hasty generalisation.

Reason about likelihood, expected outcomes, and conditional probability in logic puzzles.

Solve multi-constraint grid puzzles combining several categories of clues.

Analyse simple competitive scenarios to find the best strategy or predict an opponent's move.

Draw sound conclusions from multi-source data, combining tables, graphs, and text.